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Obesity May Worsen Impact of Asthma

Posted on 05/01/2008, 14:00
By -- Robert Preidt

Heaviest lose ability to inhale as deeply or exhale as fully as normal weight individuals

THURSDAY, May 1 (HealthDay News) -- A study of women with a wide range of body-mass indexes (BMIs) found that obesity may worsen the impact of asthma and also mask its severity in standard tests.

"We have demonstrated significant differences in the changes in respiratory function that occur with asthmatic bronchoconstriction in relation to obesity," principal investigator Dr. D. Robin Taylor, of the University of Otago in New Zealand, said in a prepared statement.

The study also found that simple spirometry couldn't determine the level of pulmonary dysfunction in obese people with asthma.

The findings were published in the first issue for May of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. It's the first prospective study to find a significant comparative difference between obese and non-obese people in how the lungs and airways respond to a simulated asthma attack.

The researchers said it establishes a direct link between obesity and the development of dynamic hyperinflation -- air breathed into the lungs can't be expelled. This often occurs with acute asthma, but is more frequent in obese people.

The study included 30 asthmatic women who were divided into three groups based on their BMI: normal weight, overweight and obese. All the women breathed nebulized methacholine to induce an asthma-like attack and were then assessed for changes in lung function, including functional residual capacity (FRC -- how much air remained in the lungs after exhalation) and inspiratory capacity (IC -- how much air could be inhaled on the next breath).

"After the methacholine challenge, the amount of bronchoconstriction was identical for each of the three groups, but the changes in FRC and IC were greatest in the obese group. This indicated to us that greater dynamic hyperinflation was occurring among obese individuals," Taylor said.

The greater a woman's BMI, the higher her FRC and the lower her IC.

"This means that among women with greater BMI, an asthma-like episode has the potential to cause greater breathing difficulties than in non-obese women. The greater dynamic hyperinflation means that obese individuals lose the ability to inhale as deeply or exhale as fully as normal weight individuals," Taylor said.

The findings suggest fundamental differences in the way that obese people with asthma may experience shortness of breath.

"We know that asthma in obese subjects is more likely to persist and is more likely to be perceived to be severe. These individuals often require more treatment to achieve asthma control. Our study provides an insight into why this might be happening -- the same asthma trigger produces a greater effect in obese individuals," Taylor said.

More research is needed to "confirm that the differences in dynamic hyperinflation between obese and non-obese asthmatics are sufficient to explain the differences in symptoms between the two groups. Our study was not large enough to do this," Taylor said.

More information

The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has more about asthma.

SOURCE: American Thoracic Society, news release, May 1, 2008

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